Frequency of Retinopathy in Diagnosed Patients of Hypertension
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47489/szmc.v40i2.965Keywords:
Hypertension, Retinopathy, FundoscopyAbstract
Background: By definition, systolic blood pressure ?140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ?90 mmHg, measured on at least 2 separate occasions in a seated position during outpatient visits, irrespective of antihypertensive therapy, constitute hypertension. Persistent hypertension is associated with microvascular complications, including hypertensive retinopathy.
Objective: To determine the frequency of hypertensive retinopathy among diagnosed hypertensive patients presenting to a tertiary care hospital in Lahore.
Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study in the Medical Outpatient Department (OPD) of Fatima Memorial Hospital, Lahore. A total of 260 diagnosed hypertensive patients were included. All participants underwent clinical evaluation, including fundoscopic examination, to assess for hypertensive retinopathy.
Results: Out of 260 patients, hypertensive retinopathy was identified in 189 (72.7%) patients, while 71 (27.3%) showed no evidence of retinal changes.
Conclusion: A high frequency of hypertensive retinopathy was observed among patients with hypertension. Routine dilated fundoscopic examination is recommended to detect early retinal changes, which may reduce morbidity and prevent systemic complications.
References
Longo DL, Kasper DL, Jameson JL, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, et al. Harrison's principles of internal medicine. 18th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2012. p. 4139.
Wong TY, Mitchell P. The eye in hypertension. Lancet. 2007;369:425–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60198-6.
Wong TY, Klein R, Klein BE, Tielsch JM, Hubbard L, et al. Retinal microvascular abnormalities and their relationship with hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and mortality. Surv Ophthalmol. 2001;46:59–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0039-6257(01)00234-X.
Goto I, Katsuki S, Ikui H, Kimoto K, Mimatsu T. Pathological studies on the intracerebral and retinal arteries in cerebrovascular and noncerebrovascular diseases. Stroke. 1975;6:263–9. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.6.3.263.
Modi P, Arsiwalla T. Hypertensive retinopathy. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jul 4.
Shah AH, Rai P, Abro GY, Kumar A. Analysis of retinal signs in patients with primary hypertension. J Liaquat Uni Med Health Sci. 2013;12(1):17–21.
Wong TY, Klein R, Duncan BB, Nieto FJ, Klein BE, et al. Racial differences in the prevalence of hypertensive retinopathy. Hypertension. 2003;41(5):1086–91. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.0000064181.63546.53.
Sharp PS, Chaturvedi N, Wormald R, McKeigue PM, Marmot MG, et al. Hypertensive retinopathy in Afro-Caribbeans and Europeans: prevalence and risk factor relationships. Hypertension. 1995;25:1322–5. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.25.6.1322.
Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE, Wang Q. Hypertension and retinopathy, arteriolar narrowing and arteriolar nicking in a population. Arch Ophthalmol. 1994;112:92–8. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1994.01090130102026.
O’Mailia JJ, Sander GE, Giles TD. Nifedipine-associated myocardial ischemia or infarction in the treatment of hypertensive urgencies. Ann Intern Med. 1987;107:185–6. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-107-2-185.
Zakria M, Amin K, Kafeel I, Javaid M, Alam Z. Prevalence of retinopathy in hypertensive patients. Prof Med J. 2004;11(3):267–72. https://doi.org/10.29309/TPMJ/2004.11.03.5199.
Gupta RP, Gupta S, Gahlot A, Sukharamwala D, Vashi J. Evaluation of hypertensive retinopathy in patients of essential hypertension with high serum lipids. Med J Dr DY Patil Univ. 2013;6(2):165–9. https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-2870.110307.
Khan A, Hussain MZ, Tariq KM, Qadir A, Iqbal M. Frequency of different grades of retinopathy in hypertensive patients at Military Hospital, Rawalpindi. Pak Armed Forces Med J. 2012;(4):487–90.
Henderson AD, Bruce BB, Newman NJ, Biousse V. Hypertension-related eye abnormalities and the risk of stroke. Rev Neurol Dis. 2011;8(1–2):1–9. https://doi.org/10.3909/rind0274.
Meenakshisundaram R, Babuvinish D, Grootveld M, Rajendiran C, Thirumalaikolundusubramanian P. Status of end organs in newly detected rural essential hypertensives: a study from southern India. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2012;34(3):201–8. https://doi.org/10.3109/10641963.2011.618201.
Erden S, Bicakci E. Hypertensive retinopathy: incidence, risk factors, and comorbidities. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2012;34(6):397–401. https://doi.org/10.3109/10641963.2012.663028.
Cuspidi C, Macca G, Sampieri L, Michev I, Salerno M, et al. High prevalence of cardiac and extracardiac target organ damage in refractory hypertension. J Hypertens. 2001;19(11):2063–70. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004872-200111000-00018.
This work is licensed under a 